Technologies for platform-targeted machine learning

ABSTRACT

Technologies for platform-targeted machine learning include a computing device to generate a machine learning algorithm model indicative of a plurality of classes between which a user input is to be classified and translate the machine learning algorithm model into hardware code for execution on the target platform. The user input is to be classified as being associated with a particular class based on an application of one or more features to the user input, and each of the one or more features has an associated implementation cost indicative of a cost to perform on a target platform on which the corresponding feature is to be applied to the user input.

BACKGROUND

Machine learning involves the construction and use of algorithms toperform pattern recognition and other functions to, for example, formand make predictions on a set of data. In particular, machine learningmay be used to find the parameters of a program that optimize theclassification of an unknown input into a set of desired classes.

Embedded programs typically have two phases of development. Inparticular, a classification algorithm that meets a set of accuracyrequirements is developed, and then the classification algorithm isattempted to be mapped to a specific computing platform intended toexecute the algorithm (e.g., rewriting the algorithms as embedded codewithin the resource constraints of the computing platform). If thealgorithm does not appropriately “fit” the resources of the computingplatform, the developer may iteratively modify the algorithm and attemptto map it until the algorithm can run within the resources of thehardware.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The concepts described herein are illustrated by way of example and notby way of limitation in the accompanying figures. For simplicity andclarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures are notnecessarily drawn to scale. Where considered appropriate, referencelabels have been repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding oranalogous elements.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of at least one embodiment of acomputing device for platform-targeted machine learning;

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of at least one embodiment of anenvironment of the computing device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a simplified flow diagram of at least one embodiment of amethod for platform-targeted machine learning that may be executed bythe computing device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flow diagram of at least one embodiment of amethod for determining a feature cost matrix that may be executed by thecomputing device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a simplified flow diagram of at least one embodiment of amethod for generating a reduced feature set that may be executed by thecomputing device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a simplified flow diagram of at least one embodiment of amethod for performing unsupervised feature selection that may beexecuted by the computing device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a simplified flow diagram of at least one embodiment of amethod for performing supervised feature selection that may be executedby the computing device of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 8 is a simplified flow diagram of at least one embodiment of amethod for generating and selecting a model that may be executed by thecomputing device of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the concepts of the present disclosure are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof havebeen shown by way of example in the drawings and will be describedherein in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is nointent to limit the concepts of the present disclosure to the particularforms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover allmodifications, equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the presentdisclosure and the appended claims.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,”“an illustrative embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodimentdescribed may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but every embodiment may or may not necessarily includethat particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, suchphrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further,when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described inconnection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within theknowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure,or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or notexplicitly described. Additionally, it should be appreciated that itemsincluded in a list in the form of “at least one A, B, and C” can mean(A); (B); (C): (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C).Similarly, items listed in the form of “at least one of A, B, or C” canmean (A); (B); (C): (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C).

The disclosed embodiments may be implemented, in some cases, inhardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. The disclosedembodiments may also be implemented as instructions carried by or storedon one or more transitory or non-transitory machine-readable (e.g.,computer-readable) storage medium, which may be read and executed by oneor more processors. A machine-readable storage medium may be embodied asany storage device, mechanism, or other physical structure for storingor transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., avolatile or non-volatile memory, a media disc, or other media device).

In the drawings, some structural or method features may be shown inspecific arrangements and/or orderings. However, it should beappreciated that such specific arrangements and/or orderings may not berequired. Rather, in some embodiments, such features may be arranged ina different manner and/or order than shown in the illustrative figures.Additionally, the inclusion of a structural or method feature in aparticular figure is not meant to imply that such feature is required inall embodiments and, in some embodiments, may not be included or may becombined with other features.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a computing device 100 for platform-targetedmachine learning is shown. As described in detail below, the computingdevice 100 is configured to generate a machine learning algorithm modelfor classification of input data that balances accuracy of theclassification and an estimate of resource utilization on a targetplatform to implement the model. In doing so, in the illustrativeembodiment, the computing device 100 may map the model to hardware codefor execution on the target platform through a translation (e.g.,instead of complex and time-consuming iterative mapping by a developer).In some embodiments, the computing device 100 may determine and/oranalyze a cost matrix for one or more prospective target platforms for aset of features (e.g., indicative of an accuracy of the feature and/oran implementation cost of the feature) and/or refine a set of featuresby eliminating more costly but highly correlated features (e.g., viaunsupervised and/or supervised feature selection). Further, in someembodiments, the computing device 100 may determine the particularclusters to be used for classification (e.g., from training data) bybalancing the accuracy of the classification and a hardware orimplementation cost (e.g., the hardware resource cost of utilizing anadditional cluster).

The computing device 100 may be embodied as any type of computing deviceor system capable of performing the functions described herein. Forexample, in some embodiments, the computing device 100 may be embodiedas a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, notebook,netbook, Ultrabook™, smartphone, cellular phone, wearable computingdevice, personal digital assistant, mobile Internet device, smartdevice, server, router, switch, Hybrid device, and/or any othercomputing/communication device. As shown in FIG. 1, the illustrativecomputing device 100 includes a processor 110, an input/output (“I/O”)subsystem 112, a memory 114, a data storage 116, a communicationcircuitry 118, one or more sensors 120, and one or more peripheraldevices 122. Of course, the computing device 100 may include other oradditional components, such as those commonly found in a typicalcomputing device (e.g., various input/output devices and/or othercomponents), in other embodiments. Additionally, in some embodiments,one or more of the illustrative components may be incorporated in, orotherwise form a portion of, another component. For example, the memory114, or portions thereof, may be incorporated in the processor 110 insome embodiments.

The processor 110 may be embodied as any type of processor capable ofperforming the functions described herein. For example, the processor110 may be embodied as a single or multi-core processor(s), digitalsignal processor, microcontroller, or other processor orprocessing/controlling circuit. Similarly, the memory 114 may beembodied as any type of volatile or non-volatile memory or data storagecapable of performing the functions described herein. In operation, thememory 114 may store various data and software used during operation ofthe computing device 100 such as operating systems, applications,programs, libraries, and drivers. The memory 114 is communicativelycoupled to the processor 110 via the I/O subsystem 112, which may beembodied as circuitry and/or components to facilitate input/outputoperations with the processor 110, the memory 114, and other componentsof the computing device 100. For example, the I/O subsystem 112 may beembodied as, or otherwise include, memory controller hubs, input/outputcontrol hubs, firmware devices, communication links (i.e.,point-to-point links, bus links, wires, cables, light guides, printedcircuit board traces, etc.) and/or other components and subsystems tofacilitate the input/output operations. In some embodiments, the I/Osubsystem 112 may form a portion of a system-on-a-chip (SoC) and beincorporated, along with the processor 110, the memory 114, and othercomponents of the computing device 100, on a single integrated circuitchip.

The data storage 116 may be embodied as any type of device or devicesconfigured for short-term or long-term storage of data such as, forexample, memory devices and circuits, memory cards, hard disk drives,solid-state drives, or other data storage devices. The data storage 116and/or the memory 114 may store various data during operation of thecomputing device 100 as described herein.

The communication circuitry 118 may be embodied as any communicationcircuit, device, or collection thereof, capable of enablingcommunications between the computing device 100 and other remote devicesover a network. For example, in some embodiments, the computing device100 may receive user input data, training data, and/or other useful datafor performing the functions described herein from a remote computingdevice. The communication circuitry 118 may be configured to use any oneor more communication technologies (e.g., wireless or wiredcommunications) and associated protocols (e.g., Ethernet, Bluetooth®,Wi-Fi®, WiMAX, LTE, 5G, etc.) to effect such communication.

The sensors 120 may be embodied as any one or more sensors configured togenerate data/signals indicative of an environment or context of thecomputing device 100. In various embodiments, the sensors 120 may beembodied as, or otherwise include, for example, inertial sensors,position sensors, location sensors, proximity sensors, optical sensors,light sensors, audio sensors, temperature sensors, motion sensors,piezoelectric sensors, cameras, and/or other types of sensors. Ofcourse, the computing device 100 may also include components and/ordevices configured to facilitate the use of the sensor(s) 120. Dependingon the particular embodiment, the sensors 120 may include hardwaresensors and/or software sensors (e.g., software sensors to identifysoftware applications executed at a particular point in time).

The peripheral devices 122 may include any number of additionalperipheral or interface devices, such as speakers, microphones,additional storage devices, and so forth. The particular devicesincluded in the peripheral devices 122 may depend on, for example, thetype and/or intended use of the computing device 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2, in use, the computing device 100 established anenvironment 200 for platform-targeted machine learning. The illustrativeenvironment 200 includes a sensor processing module 202, a modeldetermination module 204, a hardware translation module 206, a hardwareclassification module 208, and a communication module 210. Additionally,in the illustrative embodiments, the model determination module 204includes a feature computation module 212, a feature selection module214, and a model generation and selection module 216. The variousmodules of the environment 200 may be embodied as hardware, software,firmware, or a combination thereof. For example, the various modules,logic, and other components of the environment 200 may form a portionof, or otherwise be established by, the processor 110 or other hardwarecomponents of the computing device 100. As such, in some embodiments,one or more of the modules of the environment 200 may be embodied ascircuitry or collection of electrical devices (e.g., a sensor processingcircuitry 202, a model determination circuitry 204, a hardwaretranslation circuitry 206, a hardware classification circuitry 208, acommunication circuitry 210, a feature computation circuitry 212, afeature selection circuitry 214, and a model generation and selectioncircuitry 216). It should be appreciated that, in such embodiments, oneor more of the sensor processing circuitry 202, the model determinationcircuitry 204, the hardware translation circuitry 206, the hardwareclassification circuitry 208, the communication circuitry 210, thefeature computation circuitry 212, the feature selection circuitry 214,and/or the model generation and selection circuitry 216 may form aportion of one or more of the processor 110, the I/O subsystem 112, thememory 114, the data storage 116, the communication circuitry 118, thesensors 120, and/or the peripheral devices 122. Additionally, in someembodiments, one or more of the illustrative modules may form a portionof another module and/or one or more of the illustrative modules may beindependent of one another.

The sensor processing module 202 interprets, analyzes, and/or otherwiseprocesses the data collected/generated by the sensors 120. For example,in some embodiments, the sensor processing module 202 may pre-processraw data generated by the sensors 120 to generate sensor data in aformat usable by the computing device 100 (e.g., for a particularpurpose).

The model determination module 204 (e.g., a cost-and-quality-informedmodel determination model) is configured to generate a machine learningalgorithm model that balances accuracy of classification with theimplementation cost associated with executing corresponding hardwarecode (e.g., embedded code) on a particular device (i.e., the targetplatform) or component. It should be appreciated that the feature(s)defined in the model are configured to be applied to a user input to beclassified (e.g., from sensor data) in order to identify the class(i.e., defined in the model) of the particular user input. As describedbelow, the model determination module 204 may eliminate features thatare highly correlated with other features used for classification and/orselect a model size in favor of a reduction in hardware/resource cost.It should be further appreciated that, in the illustrative embodiment,the co-optimization of accuracy and computational resource utilizationin the target platform enables automation (instead of manualdeveloper-based iterations) of the target architecture as the compiledcode is effectively ensured to “fit” on the platform and operate withinthe particular resource constraints of that platform.

As indicated above, the model determination module 204 includes thefeature computation module 212, the feature selection module 214, andthe model generation and selection module 216. The feature computationmodule 212 is configured to determine/compute and store a cost metricand/or cost matrix for each candidate feature (e.g., a featuretransform) of a feature list for one or more given target platforms. Itshould be appreciated that the features utilized by the featurecomputation module 212 may vary and may be predefined or user-defineddepending on the particular embodiment. For example, in an embodiment,the features may include calculation of the average of user inputs(e.g., sensor data), application of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to aset of input data, and/or another suitable function of the input data.Further, in some embodiments, the features may be applied in parallel toprocess multiple data streams. As described herein, in the illustrativeembodiment, the cost metrics utilized by the feature computation module212 incorporate an implementation cost of the corresponding feature on aparticular target platform. In some embodiments, the feature computationmodule 212 may compute the cost metrics (e.g., in the background) usingsimulation, cross-compilation, and/or heuristic-based analysis. Itshould be appreciated that the cost metrics may allow the computingdevice 100 to automatically prune features that do not meet the targetplatform resource budget (e.g., maximum time to compute, buffer size,code size, code instructions, etc.) rather than making suchdeterminations in an ad hoc, manual, and/or iterative manner.Accordingly, the developer may rely on more than mere intuition inbalancing the implementation cost with classification accuracy.

The feature selection module 214 is configured to eliminate highlycorrelated features of a candidate feature set (e.g., the feature list)to generate a reduced feature set based on the cost metrics of thefeatures in the candidate feature set for the particular target platformarchitecture and/or an implementation budget that indicates, forexample, a maximum/available utilization of one or more resources, amaximum number of features included, and/or other suitable constraints.For example, the implementation budget may identify a maximum overallcost to extract the selected features. In some embodiments, theimplementation budget may identify a maximum permissible time to computethe feature (e.g., in clock cycles), a maximum buffer size used duringapplication of the feature, a maximum code size associated with thefeature extraction, a maximum number of instructions associated withapplication of the feature, permissible data formats, and/or othersuitable cost constraints. In the illustrative embodiment, the featureselection module 214 employs one or more feature selection algorithms(e.g., supervised or unsupervised feature selection) that take intoconsideration the cost metrics and/or implementation budget of thetarget platform. For example, the feature selection module 214 mayutilize an unsupervised feature selection algorithm to identify featuresthat are highly correlated with one another (e.g., convey the same orsimilar information) and eliminate one or more redundant features basedon the implementation cost of the features (e.g., eliminating the morecostly feature(s)). More specifically, in an embodiment, the candidatefeature set may include ten features, two of which are highly correlatedwith one another. Instead of randomly eliminating one of those twofeatures, for example, the feature selection module 214 may eliminatethe feature having the more costly implementation (e.g., via a costfunction embedded in the framework).

The model generation and selection module 216 is configured to determinethe particular classes/clusters involved in classification (e.g., fromtraining data) by balancing the accuracy of the classes and a hardwareor implementation cost (e.g., the hardware resource cost of utilizing anadditional class for classification). It should be appreciated thatclustering algorithms are generally based on distances between samplepoints alone and involve iteratively breaking down clusters/classes intosmaller clusters until each cluster is homogenous. However, suchtechniques often increase the complexity and implementation cost of theresulting model (e.g., due to additional data storage and/orcomputational requirements). In the illustrative embodiment, the modelgeneration and selection module 216 utilizes a cost function thatpenalizes an increased number of clusters such that a balance is madebetween the overall weighted accuracy of the classification and modelcomplexity.

The hardware translation module 206 is configured to map the machinelearning algorithm model generated/determined by the model determinationmodule 204 into hardware code (e.g., binary code, assembly code, oranother suitable hardware code) for execution by the target platform. Asdescribed herein, in the illustrative embodiment, various cost and/orimplementation budgets may be used by the computing device 100 to ensurethat suitable code for the model may be embedded on and/or otherwiseexecuted by the target platform. Accordingly, in some embodiments,mapping the machine learning algorithm model may involve a simpletranslation of the model to the hardware code.

The hardware classification module 208 is configured to execute thealgorithm defined by the model or, more specifically, the translatedhardware code to perform hardware-based classification of sensed dataand/or other user inputs (e.g., if the computing device 100 is thetarget platform). Of course, in embodiments in which the target platformemploys a different architecture than the computing device 100, thehardware code may be embedded on and/or executed by that computingdevice.

The communication module 210 handles the communication between thecomputing device 100 and other computing devices over a network. Forexample, in some embodiments, the communication module 210 may transmitthe generated hardware code and/or machine learning algorithm model tothe target computing device.

Referring now to FIG. 3, in use, the computing device 100 may execute amethod 300 for platform-targeted machine learning. The illustrativemethod 300 begins with block 302 in which the computing device 100receives sensor data and/or other input data from the sensors 120 of thecomputing device 100. It should be appreciated that, in someembodiments, the input data may include training data that includesindividual data points with known classifications.

In block 304, the computing device 100 generates the machine learningalgorithm model. As indicated above, in the illustrative embodiment, thecomputing device 100 generates a model that balances accuracy ofclassification with the implementation cost associated with execution ona target platform and, in doing so, may consider an implementationbudget that identifies permitted resource utilization by the features ofthe model. In particular, in block 306, the computing device 100 maydetermine a feature cost matrix or set of feature metrics as shown inFIG. 4 and described below. In other words, the computing device 100 maycompute a cost metric for each candidate feature based on the targetplatform(s). In block 308, the computing device 100 may eliminate one ormore features (e.g., redundant features) from the candidate feature setto generate a reduced feature set. To do so, the computing device 100may execute a method 500 as shown in FIG. 5 and described below.Further, in block 310, the computing device 100 may determine theparticular classes/clusters to be used for classification and, in doingso, balance the accuracy of the classification and the implementationcost of the model (e.g., the number of classes). To do so, the computingdevice 100 may execute a method 800 as shown in FIG. 8 and describedbelow.

In block 312, the computing device 100 is configured to translate thedetermined/generated machine learning algorithm model into hardware code(e.g., binary code, assembly code, or another suitable hardware code)for execution by the target platform. In some embodiments, in block 314,the computing device 100 may perform hardware-based classification ofthe sensed data, other sensed data, and/or other suitable user inputs(e.g., if the computing device 100 is the target platform or has asimilar architecture). In other embodiments, the computing device 100may transmit the hardware code, the model, cost metrics/matrices, and/orother data to the target platform for execution.

Referring now to FIG. 4, in use, the computing device 100 may execute amethod 400 for determining a feature cost matrix or set of featuremetrics (e.g., in block 306 of the method 300). The illustrative method400 begins with block 402 in which the computing device 100 determines afeature list that identifies a set of candidate features and one or moretarget platforms for which to compute cost data. As described above,each of the features may be embodied as any function or algorithmcapable of being applied to input data to distinguish the input datafrom other data (e.g., other input data). For example, the features mayinclude calculation of the average of user inputs (e.g., sensor data),identifying a minimum or maximum of a data set, application of a FastFourier Transform (FFT) to a set of input data, and/or another suitablefunction or algorithm capable of being applied to the input data. Thefeatures may be predefined or user-defined depending on the particularembodiment.

In block 404, the computing device 100 may determine a feature costmatrix or set of metrics. It should be appreciated that the cost metricsmay include data indicative of various resource requirements of aparticular feature. For example, a cost matrix may include costmetric(s) that indicate a particular feature costs twenty seconds tocalculate, requires two kilobytes of a buffer, requires three hundredbytes of memory to store the code, includes ten thousand instructions,and/or has other cost-related constraints. In block 406, the computingdevice 100 may determine a cost matrix or cost metrics for eachcandidate feature identified in the feature list. For example, in someembodiments, the features may be selected from a predefined library offunctions (e.g., digital signal processor (DSP) functions) thatidentifies an estimated cost to extract the feature for a particularsystem architecture (e.g., the target platform). In other embodiments,the features may be user-defined such that the cost is not predefined.In such embodiments, the corresponding functions may be compiled (e.g.,for a particular DSP) to estimate the cost of the feature. In block 408,the computing device 100 may perform simulation, cross-compilation,and/or heuristic-based analysis of the features to determine the costmetrics and/or cost matrix. Further, in block 410, the computing device100 may determine a cost matrix or set of cost metrics for each targetplatform. In other words, in some embodiments, the cost matrix mayinclude data indicative of a cost of each of the candidate features fora particular target platform. Although the cost metrics are describedherein as cost matrices, it should be appreciated that a set of costmetrics of the various features may be represented in any suitableformat or data structure. Further, in some embodiments, the computingdevice 100 may determine a cost matrix and/or set of cost metrics for asingle target platform.

Referring now to FIG. 5, in use, the computing device 100 may execute amethod 500 for generating a reduced feature set. The illustrative method500 begins with block 502 in which the computing device 100 identifies,retrieves, or otherwise determines the candidate feature list and targetplatform. As discussed above, in the illustrative embodiment, thecomputing device 100 utilizes separate cost matrices and/or cost metricsfor each potential target platform. As such, in block 504, the computingdevice 102 determines/retrieves the cost matrix and/or cost metrics forthe target platform and, in block 506, the computing device 100determines the implementation budget of the target platform. Forexample, the implementation budget may identify a maximum overall costto extract the selected features. As discussed above, the implementationbudget may indicate, for example, a maximum/available utilization of oneor more hardware resources, a maximum number of features included,and/or other suitable constraints associated with the particular targetplatform. In some embodiments, the implementation budget may identify amaximum permissible time to compute the feature (e.g., in clock cycles),a maximum buffer size used during application of the feature, a maximumcode size associated with the feature extraction, a maximum number ofinstructions associated with application of the feature, permissibledata formats, and/or other suitable cost constraints.

In block 508, the computing device 100 generates a reduced feature setbased on the candidate feature set/list, the cost metrics to implementeach of the candidate features on the particular target platform, andthe implementation budget for the target platform. In particular, thecomputing device 100 may eliminate redundant features in response toidentifying highly correlated features. To do so, the computing device100 may employ one or more feature selection algorithms that take intoaccount the cost-related data. For example, in block 510, the computingdevice 100 may perform unsupervised feature selection as shown in FIG.6. Additionally or alternatively, in block 512, the computing device 100may perform supervised feature selection as shown in FIG. 7.

Referring now to FIG. 6, in use, the computing device 100 may execute amethod 600 for performing unsupervised feature selection. It should beappreciated that the computing device 100 may utilize any suitableunsupervised feature selection algorithm consistent with the functionsdescribed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the computing device100 may utilize variance thresholding or correlation thresholding. Theillustrative method 600 begins with block 602 in which the computingdevice 100 identifies a set of highly correlated features from thecandidate feature set. It should be appreciated that the computingdevice 100 may utilize any suitable technique, mechanism, and/oralgorithm for determining the extent to which two features arecorrelated with one another. For example, in block 604, the computingdevice 100 may calculate the correlation matrix of the candidatefeatures. Further, in block 606, the computing device 100 may identifyfeatures that have values in the correlation matrix above a predefinedthreshold as highly correlated features. In block 608, the computingdevice 100 retains the feature(s) having the lowest implementation coston the target platform and eliminates the redundant feature(s) from thecandidate feature set. More specifically, in block 610, the computingdevice 100 may sort/rank the highly correlated features based on thecorresponding cost metrics of those features and identify the featurehaving the lowest implementation cost. It should be appreciated that thecomputing device 100 may prioritize various resources/metrics indetermining which feature has the lowest implementation cost based onthe particular implementation. For example, in one embodiment, thecomputing device 100 may sort the highly correlated features based onthe number of clock cycles required to extract the feature and, inanother embodiment, the computing device 100 may sort the highlycorrelated features based on a buffer size required to extract thefeature. In yet another embodiment, the computing device 100 mayutilize, for example, a weighted average or other combinational analyticof multiple metrics in determining which of the highly correlatedfeatures is least costly.

In block 612, the computing device 100 determines whether to identifyother highly correlated features. That is, in some embodiments, thecandidate feature set may include multiple sets of features that arehighly correlated with one another. For example, in one embodiment,features 1-2 may be highly correlated, features 3-4 may be highlycorrelated, features 5-7 may be highly correlated, and features 6-10 maynot be highly correlated with any other feature. In such embodiments,the computing device 100 may execute the method 600 for each of the setsof highly correlated features (i.e., the set of features 1-2, the set offeatures 3-4, and the set of features 5-7). Accordingly, if thecomputing device 100 determines to identify whether there are otherhighly correlated features in block 612, the method 600 returns to block602.

Referring now to FIG. 7, in use, the computing device 100 may execute amethod 700 for performing supervised feature selection. It should beappreciated that the computing device 100 may utilize any suitablesupervised feature selection algorithm consistent with the functionsdescribed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the computing device100 may utilize recursive feature elimination, tree-based featureselection, and/or univariate feature selection. The illustrative method700 begins with block 702 in which the computing device 100 generates aperformance metric based on the cost metric and/or other metrics of thecandidate features. In block 704, the computing device 100 ranks thefeatures based on the performance metric and, in block 706, thecomputing device 100 retains the highest ranked feature(s) in thecandidate list. It should be appreciated that, depending on theparticular embodiment, the number of features retained by the computingdevice 100 may vary. For example, the threshold number of features to beretained may be based on the computational power or architecture of thecomputing device 100, selectable by a user, and/or based on some othercriteria. In block 708, the computing device 100 determines whether abudget for feature extraction has been reached. If not, the method 700returns to block 702 in which the computing device 100 generates theperformance metric based on the cost metric. In other words, thecomputing device 100 may recursively eliminate highly correlatedfeatures from the candidate feature list.

Referring now to FIG. 8, in use, the computing device 100 may execute amethod 800 for generating and selecting a model, for example, that meetspredefined cost and quality criteria. The illustrative method 800 beginswith block 802 in which the computing device 100 determines a model sizebudget and cost function (e.g., a user-defined cost function). In theillustrative embodiment, the model size budget includes data isindicative of a maximum number/amount of one or more resourcespermissible for execution on the target platform. The cost function mayassign different weights to various classification errors (e.g., falsepositives and false negatives) such that the computing device 100 maymore appropriately handle such classification errors depending on theparticular embodiment. In the illustrative embodiment, the cost functionfurther incorporates model complexity metrics such that the costfunction involves a trade-off between loss of accuracy in theclassification (e.g., measured as a weighted cost of “foreign samples”in a cluster) and model complexity (e.g. measured as the number ofcluster centroids).

In block 804, the computing device 100 may generate a dendogram or othersuitable model-defining structure from training data received by thecomputing device 100 and, in block 806, the computing device 100initializes the model size threshold. For example, in some embodiments,the model size threshold may be initialized to a maximum value. Thecomputing device 100 may reduce the model size threshold in block 808and, in doing so, may reduce the classification accuracy in block 810.In block 812, the computing device 100 may compute the cost functionbased on the training data and compare the cost function value to themodel size threshold. If the computing device 100 determines, in block814, that the model size threshold exceeds the cost function value, thecomputing device 100 determines the resources and/or model in block 816.In doing so, in block 818, the computing device 100 may determine, forexample, the centroids of the resulting clusters associated with theclasses. Otherwise, the method 800 returns to block 808 in which thecomputing device 100 reduces the model size threshold.

For example, in an embodiment, the computing device 100 may be analyzingten training data points (i.e., samples) with eight of those data pointsbelonging to a first class and the other two being foreign (e.g.,belonging to a second class). Initially, the data points may becollectively assigned to the first class and the computing device 100determines how to address the two foreign points. For example, thecomputing device 100 could assign the two points to the first class,which would be associated with a particular cost (e.g., from falsepositives or false negatives after computing the resulting centroid)based on the cost function. As such, the cost function may be utilizedin determining whether to break the cluster into multiple clusters(e.g., to accommodate the foreign samples) or associate the foreignsamples with the first cluster. Of course, it should be appreciated thatthe parameters of the cost function may affect such a determination.

It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, any one or more ofthe methods 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and/or 800 may be embodied asvarious instructions stored on a computer-readable media, which may beexecuted by the processor 110 and/or other components of the computingdevice 100 to cause the computing device 100 to perform the respectivemethod 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and/or 800. The computer-readable mediamay be embodied as any type of media capable of being read by thecomputing device 100 including, but not limited to, the memory 114, thedata storage 116, other memory or data storage devices of the computingdevice 100, portable media readable by a peripheral device 122 of thecomputing device 100, and/or other media.

EXAMPLES

Illustrative examples of the technologies disclosed herein are providedbelow. An embodiment of the technologies may include any one or more,and any combination of, the examples described below.

Example 1 includes a computing device for platform-targeted machinelearning, the computing device comprising a model determination moduleto generate a machine learning algorithm model indicative of a pluralityof classes between which a user input is to be classified, wherein theuser input is to be classified as being associated with a particularclass based on an application of one or more features to the user input,and wherein each of the one or more features has an associatedimplementation cost indicative of a cost to perform on a target platformon which the corresponding feature is to be applied to the user input;and a hardware translation module to translate the machine learningalgorithm model into hardware code for execution on the target platform.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and wherein the userinput comprises sensor data generated by one or more sensors of thecomputing device.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1 and 2, andwherein to generate the machine learning algorithm model comprises todetermine a set of cost metrics of a plurality of features, wherein eachcost metric of the set of cost metrics is indicative of animplementation cost of a corresponding feature of the plurality offeatures on the target platform.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-3, andwherein to determine the set of cost metrics comprises to determine afeature cost matrix based on a list of features that includes theplurality of features and one or more target platforms.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-4, andwherein to determine each cost metric comprises to perform at least oneof simulation, cross-compilation, or heuristic-based analysis of thecorresponding feature.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-5, andwherein at least one feature of the plurality of features is auser-defined feature.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-6, andwherein each feature of the plurality of features is a function of theuser input.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-7, andwherein to generate the machine learning algorithm model comprises todetermine a reduced feature set from a plurality of features; andwherein the model is based on features of the reduced feature set.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-8, andwherein to determine the reduced feature set comprises to determine acorresponding cost metric for each feature of the reduced feature set,wherein each cost metric is indicative of an implementation cost of thecorresponding feature on the target platform; determine animplementation budget indicative of a maximum usage of a hardwareresource; and generate the reduce feature set based on the cost metricsand the implementation budget.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-9, andwherein to determine the reduced feature set comprises to performunsupervised feature selection based on the plurality of features.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-10, andwherein to perform the unsupervised feature selection comprises toidentify a set of highly correlated features of the plurality offeatures; and retain a feature of the set of highly correlated featureshaving a lowest implementation cost.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-11, andwherein to identify the set of highly correlated features comprises tocalculate a correlation matrix based on the plurality of features; andidentify a set of features above a predefined correlation threshold.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-12, andwherein to retain the feature comprises to sort the set of highlycorrelated features based on corresponding cost metrics of the highlycorrelated features.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-13, andwherein to perform the unsupervised feature selection comprises toperform at least one of variance thresholding or correlationthresholding.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-14, andwherein to determine the reduced feature set comprises to performsupervised feature selection based on the plurality of features.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-15, andwherein to perform the supervised feature selection comprises togenerate a performance metric based on corresponding cost metrics of theplurality of features; rank the plurality of features based on theperformance metric; and retain a highest ranked feature of the rankedplurality of features.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-16, andwherein to generate the machine learning algorithm model comprises todetermine the model based on a cost function that incorporatespredefined hardware execution costs to perform a correspondingclassification.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-17, andwherein to determine the model comprises to compute the cost functionbased on training data; and iteratively reduce an accuracy ofclassification of one or more classes until a threshold is reached.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-18, andwherein to translate the machine learning algorithm model into thehardware code comprises to automatically translate the machine learningalgorithm model into the hardware code.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-19, andfurther including a hardware classification module to execute thehardware code to perform hardware-based classification of sensed data.

Example 21 includes a method for platform-targeted machine learning, themethod comprising generating, by a computing device, a machine learningalgorithm model indicative of a plurality of classes between which auser input is to be classified, wherein the user input is to beclassified as being associated with a particular class based on anapplication of one or more features to the user input, and wherein eachof the one or more features has an associated implementation costindicative of a cost to perform on a target platform on which thecorresponding feature is to be applied to the user input; andtranslating, by the computing device, the machine learning algorithmmodel into hardware code for execution on the target platform.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of Example 21, and wherein theuser input comprises sensor data generated by one or more sensors of thecomputing device.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21 and 22, andwherein generating the machine learning algorithm model comprisesdetermining a set of cost metrics of a plurality of features, whereineach cost metric of the set of cost metrics is indicative of animplementation cost of a corresponding feature of the plurality offeatures on the target platform.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-23, andwherein determining the set of cost metrics comprises determining afeature cost matrix based on a list of features including the pluralityof features and one or more target platforms.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-24, andwherein determining each cost metric comprises performing at least oneof simulation, cross-compilation, or heuristic-based analysis of thecorresponding feature.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-25, andwherein at least one feature of the plurality of features is auser-defined feature.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-26, andwherein each feature of the plurality of features is a function of theuser input.

Example 28 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-27, andwherein generating the machine learning algorithm model comprisesdetermining a reduced feature set from a plurality of features; andwherein the model is based on features of the reduced feature set.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-28, andwherein determining the reduced feature set comprises determining acorresponding cost metric for each feature of the reduced feature set,wherein each cost metric is indicative of an implementation cost of thecorresponding feature on the target platform; determining animplementation budget indicative of a maximum usage of a hardwareresource; and generating the reduce feature set based on the costmetrics and the implementation budget.

Example 30 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-29, andwherein determining the reduced feature set comprises performingunsupervised feature selection based on the plurality of features.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-30, andwherein performing the unsupervised feature selection comprisesidentifying a set of highly correlated features of the plurality offeatures; and retaining a feature of the set of highly correlatedfeatures having a lowest implementation cost.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-31, andwherein identifying the set of highly correlated features comprisescalculating a correlation matrix based on the plurality of features; andidentifying a set of features above a predefined correlation threshold.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-32, andwherein retaining the feature comprises sorting the set of highlycorrelated features based on corresponding cost metrics of the highlycorrelated features.

Example 34 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-33, andwherein performing the unsupervised feature selection comprisesperforming at least one of variance thresholding or correlationthresholding.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-34, andwherein determining the reduced feature set comprises performingsupervised feature selection based on the plurality of features.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-35, andwherein performing the supervised feature selection comprises generatinga performance metric based on corresponding cost metrics of theplurality of features; ranking the plurality of features based on theperformance metric; and retaining a highest ranked feature of the rankedplurality of features.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-36, andwherein generating the machine learning algorithm model comprisesdetermining the model based on a cost function that incorporatespredefined hardware execution costs to perform a correspondingclassification.

Example 38 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-37, andwherein determining the model comprises computing the cost functionbased on training data; and iteratively reducing an accuracy ofclassification of one or more classes until a threshold is reached.

Example 39 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-38, andwherein translating the machine learning algorithm model into thehardware code comprises automatically translating the machine learningalgorithm model into the hardware code.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 21-39, andfurther including executing the hardware code to perform hardware-basedclassification of sensed data.

Example 41 includes a computing device comprising a processor; and amemory having stored therein a plurality of instructions that whenexecuted by the processor cause the computing device to perform themethod of any of Examples 21-40.

Example 42 includes one or more machine-readable storage mediacomprising a plurality of instructions stored thereon that in responseto being executed result in a computing device performing the method ofany of Examples 21-40.

Example 43 includes a computing device comprising means for performingthe method of any of Examples 21-40.

Example 44 includes a computing device for platform-targeted machinelearning, the computing device comprising means for generating a machinelearning algorithm model indicative of a plurality of classes betweenwhich a user input is to be classified, wherein the user input is to beclassified as being associated with a particular class based on anapplication of one or more features to the user input, and wherein eachof the one or more features has an associated implementation costindicative of a cost to perform on a target platform on which thecorresponding feature is to be applied to the user input; and means fortranslating the machine learning algorithm model into hardware code forexecution on the target platform.

Example 45 includes the subject matter of Example 44, and wherein theuser input comprises sensor data generated by one or more sensors of thecomputing device.

Example 46 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44 and 45, andwherein the means for generating the machine learning algorithm modelcomprises means for determining a set of cost metrics of a plurality offeatures, wherein each cost metric of the set of cost metrics isindicative of an implementation cost of a corresponding feature of theplurality of features on the target platform.

Example 47 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-46, andwherein the means for determining the set of cost metrics comprisesmeans for determining a feature cost matrix based on a list of featuresincluding the plurality of features and one or more target platforms.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-47, andwherein the means for determining each cost metric comprises means forperforming at least one of simulation, cross-compilation, orheuristic-based analysis of the corresponding feature.

Example 49 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-48, andwherein at least one feature of the plurality of features is auser-defined feature.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-49, andwherein each feature of the plurality of features is a function of theuser input.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-50, andwherein the means for generating the machine learning algorithm modelcomprises means for determining a reduced feature set from a pluralityof features; and wherein the model is based on features of the reducedfeature set.

Example 52 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-51, andwherein the means for determining the reduced feature set comprisesmeans for determining a corresponding cost metric for each feature ofthe reduced feature set, wherein each cost metric is indicative of animplementation cost of the corresponding feature on the target platform;means for determining an implementation budget indicative of a maximumusage of a hardware resource; and means for generating the reducefeature set based on the cost metrics and the implementation budget.

Example 53 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-52, andwherein the means for determining the reduced feature set comprisesmeans for performing unsupervised feature selection based on theplurality of features.

Example 54 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-53, andwherein the means for performing the unsupervised feature selectioncomprises means for identifying a set of highly correlated features ofthe plurality of features; and means for retaining a feature of the setof highly correlated features having a lowest implementation cost.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-54, andwherein the means for identifying the set of highly correlated featurescomprises means for calculating a correlation matrix based on theplurality of features; and means for identifying a set of features abovea predefined correlation threshold.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-55, andwherein the means for retaining the feature comprises means for sortingthe set of highly correlated features based on corresponding costmetrics of the highly correlated features.

Example 57 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-56, andwherein the means for performing the unsupervised feature selectioncomprises means for performing at least one of variance thresholding orcorrelation thresholding.

Example 58 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-57, andwherein the means for determining the reduced feature set comprisesmeans for performing supervised feature selection based on the pluralityof features.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-58, andwherein the means for performing the supervised feature selectioncomprises means for generating a performance metric based oncorresponding cost metrics of the plurality of features; means forranking the plurality of features based on the performance metric; andmeans for retaining a highest ranked feature of the ranked plurality offeatures.

Example 60 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-59, andwherein the means for generating the machine learning algorithm modelcomprises means for determining the model based on a cost function thatincorporates predefined hardware execution costs to perform acorresponding classification.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-60, andwherein the means for determining the model comprises means forcomputing the cost function based on training data; and means foriteratively reducing an accuracy of classification of one or moreclasses until a threshold is reached.

Example 62 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-61, andwherein the means for translating the machine learning algorithm modelinto the hardware code comprises means for automatically translating themachine learning algorithm model into the hardware code.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 44-62, andfurther including means for executing the hardware code to performhardware-based classification of sensed data.

1. A computing device for platform-targeted machine learning, thecomputing device comprising: a model determination module to generate amachine learning algorithm model indicative of a plurality of classesbetween which a user input is to be classified, wherein the user inputis to be classified as being associated with a particular class based onan application of one or more features to the user input, and whereineach of the one or more features has an associated implementation costindicative of a cost to perform on a target platform on which thecorresponding feature is to be applied to the user input; and a hardwaretranslation module to translate the machine learning algorithm modelinto hardware code for execution on the target platform.
 2. Thecomputing device of claim 1, wherein the user input comprises sensordata generated by one or more sensors of the computing device.
 3. Thecomputing device of claim 1, wherein to generate the machine learningalgorithm model comprises to determine a reduced feature set from aplurality of features; and wherein the model is based on features of thereduced feature set.
 4. The computing device of claim 3, wherein todetermine the reduced feature set comprises to: determine acorresponding cost metric for each feature of the reduced feature set,wherein each cost metric is indicative of an implementation cost of thecorresponding feature on the target platform; determine animplementation budget indicative of a maximum usage of a hardwareresource; and generate the reduce feature set based on the cost metricsand the implementation budget.
 5. The computing device of claim 3,wherein to determine the reduced feature set comprises to performunsupervised feature selection based on the plurality of features. 6.The computing device of claim 5, wherein to perform the unsupervisedfeature selection comprises to: identify a set of highly correlatedfeatures of the plurality of features; and retain a feature of the setof highly correlated features having a lowest implementation cost. 7.The computing device of claim 6, wherein to identify the set of highlycorrelated features comprises to: calculate a correlation matrix basedon the plurality of features; and identify a set of features above apredefined correlation threshold.
 8. The computing device of claim 6,wherein to retain the feature comprises to sort the set of highlycorrelated features based on corresponding cost metrics of the highlycorrelated features.
 9. The computing device of claim 5, wherein toperform the unsupervised feature selection comprises to perform at leastone of variance thresholding or correlation thresholding.
 10. Thecomputing device of claim 3, wherein to determine the reduced featureset comprises to perform supervised feature selection based on theplurality of features.
 11. The computing device of claim 10, wherein toperform the supervised feature selection comprises to: generate aperformance metric based on corresponding cost metrics of the pluralityof features; rank the plurality of features based on the performancemetric; and retain a highest ranked feature of the ranked plurality offeatures.
 12. One or more machine-readable storage media comprising aplurality of instructions stored thereon that, in response to executionby a computing device, cause the computing device to: generate a machinelearning algorithm model indicative of a plurality of classes betweenwhich a user input is to be classified, wherein the user input is to beclassified as being associated with a particular class based on anapplication of one or more features to the user input, and wherein eachof the one or more features has an associated implementation costindicative of a cost to perform on a target platform on which thecorresponding feature is to be applied to the user input; and translatethe machine learning algorithm model into hardware code for execution onthe target platform.
 13. The one or more machine-readable storage mediaof claim 12, wherein to generate the machine learning algorithm modelcomprises to determine a set of cost metrics of a plurality of features,wherein each cost metric of the set of cost metrics is indicative of animplementation cost of a corresponding feature of the plurality offeatures on the target platform.
 14. The one or more machine-readablestorage media of claim 13, wherein to determine the set of cost metricscomprises to determine a feature cost matrix based on a list of featuresincluding the plurality of features and one or more target platforms.15. The one or more machine-readable storage media of claim 13, whereinto determine each cost metric comprises to perform at least one ofsimulation, cross-compilation, or heuristic-based analysis of thecorresponding feature.
 16. The one or more machine-readable storagemedia of claim 13, wherein at least one feature of the plurality offeatures is a user-defined feature.
 17. The one or more machine-readablestorage media of claim 13, wherein each feature of the plurality offeatures is a function of the user input.
 18. The one or moremachine-readable storage media of claim 12, wherein to generate themachine learning algorithm model comprises to determine the model basedon a cost function that incorporates predefined hardware execution coststo perform a corresponding classification.
 19. The one or moremachine-readable storage media of claim 18, wherein to determine themodel comprises to: compute the cost function based on training data;and iteratively reduce an accuracy of classification of one or moreclasses until a threshold is reached.
 20. The one or moremachine-readable storage media of claim 12, wherein to translate themachine learning algorithm model into the hardware code comprises toautomatically translate the machine learning algorithm model into thehardware code.
 21. The one or more machine-readable storage media ofclaim 12, wherein the plurality of instructions further cause thecomputing device to execute the hardware code to perform hardware-basedclassification of sensed data.
 22. A method for platform-targetedmachine learning, the method comprising: generating, by a computingdevice, a machine learning algorithm model indicative of a plurality ofclasses between which a user input is to be classified, wherein the userinput is to be classified as being associated with a particular classbased on an application of one or more features to the user input, andwherein each of the one or more features has an associatedimplementation cost indicative of a cost to perform on a target platformon which the corresponding feature is to be applied to the user input;and translating, by the computing device, the machine learning algorithmmodel into hardware code for execution on the target platform.
 23. Themethod of claim 22, wherein generating the machine learning algorithmmodel comprises determining a set of cost metrics of a plurality offeatures, wherein each cost metric of the set of cost metrics isindicative of an implementation cost of a corresponding feature of theplurality of features on the target platform.
 24. The method of claim22, wherein generating the machine learning algorithm model comprisesdetermining a reduced feature set from a plurality of features; andwherein the model is based on features of the reduced feature set. 25.The method of claim 22, wherein generating the machine learningalgorithm model comprises determining the model based on a cost functionthat incorporates predefined hardware execution costs to perform acorresponding classification.